IELTS Essay Samples With Answers - Is This Your Only Option?

IELTS Essay Samples With Answers - Is This Your Only Option?There are a variety of IELTS essay samples with answers that you can use as a guide for your writing. However, there are some things to consider before using these samples. Keep in mind that an essay is not a direct test. It is a way to expose yourself to the test format and environment.In fact, you will probably get so involved in the test that you'll forget that there are actual people judging your work. If you find yourself getting distracted and lacking concentration, then you might want to stop using this guide. After all, if the test itself is only meant to be a guide, you shouldn't have a problem completing it.There are however some essay samples with answers that you can use for reference. It might be more convenient to study on your own, but for those who enjoy doing online research, these samples are usually helpful. If you find yourself stuck on a specific question, it can be helpful to read through these sample e ssays so that you can formulate a solid answer.Although you should never copy directly from these samples, you will often see areas where you might need to tweak your own answers. For example, there are likely questions in the passages that you need to highlight. With sample essays, you can identify areas where you can make changes to your answers.Most IELTS testers will want to see at least one paragraph per question in your essay. You may not want to include this portion in your sample essays, however. Instead, you may want to simply have a passage which is explaining the question and points out the consequences of the answers.There is usually no reason why you cannot include a study guide or similar resource in the study guide, you choose to use. This will also help you become familiar with the test format and environment. Keep in mind, though, that all types of resources are probably better used as a supplement to your own study. You will need to remember that when you go into t he real world.Finally, it is important to take note of the great benefits that you will get from having an effective study guide. While these guides often don't provide a complete answer, they are usually a great reference guide that will allow you to do well on the exam. These guides can provide a great boost to your confidence and make it easier to focus on your work.

Milton Friedm An Expert On Economic Theory - 2112 Words

Although Milton Friedman might be an expert on economic theory, his libertarian views on capitalism, the role of government, and discrimination would leave victims of religious, color, and race discrimination (particularly black Americans) struggling for individual freedom and to escape poverty and isolation. In his book Capitalism and Freedom, Milton Friedman states that â€Å"there is an intimate connection between economics and politics† and that â€Å"economic freedom is also an indispensable means toward the achievement of political freedom.† Central to his thesis is that individual political and economic freedom is essential, and this freedom is achieved through limiting the scope of government involvement. Friedman’s theory regarding discrimination (using his discriminators of race, religion, color) is fundamentally flawed because he ignores the costs to society and individuals resulting from discrimination, the loss of individual freedom of the person b eing discriminated against, and he believes that government involvement is not necessary to ensure individual freedom for the victims of discrimination. Friedman states that it is an â€Å"historical fact† that the movement toward capitalism has reduced the amount of religious, racial, or social discrimination against groups of people. He provides examples of this â€Å"historical fact† by crediting economic factors as the basis for the freedoms given to serfs in the Middle Ages, the permitted existence of Jews during the Middle Ages,

Multiple Norms Of The Reproductive Systems Essay - 1312 Words

Various medical conditions that do not fit the binary norms of the reproductive systems are considered as intersex. Intersex individuals may have pronounced male or female reproductive anatomy but are mismatched internally. They may also have anatomies that phenotypically differ than the normal. Some consider patients whose injured genitals were reconstructed and reared following the newly-assigned genitalia as intersex (Diamond and Beh, 2008). A conservative count of about 1 in 1,500 to 1 in 2,000 births are identified as intersex births but may vary depending on the condition at infancy and in late diagnoses of specific intersex conditions (Blackless et al, 2000). Problems arise as intersex individuals mature as they come to realize their unconventional bodies, at the same time, trying to establish their own person and identities. Medical management of intersex individuals are at the forefront of both problems and solutions as conditions can sometimes be kept in secrecy (Diamond and Beh, 2008). It is then the aim of this paper to define intersex and those impacted by these conditions. Intersex individuals are marginalized people who struggle for acceptance, want to establish their gender identity and strive for social equality. The difficulty of being intersex begins at infancy. Doubtful sex cannot be conclusively diagnosed at birth. No straightforward remedy can be learned by clinicians in remedying intersex infants but most rely on the histological appearance of theShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Gender Norms962 Words   |  4 PagesGENDER NORMS The term â€Å"gender† is often used interchangeably with â€Å"sex†. The distinction should be made between gender and biological sex. (Antai, 2012). The US Institute of Medicine in 2001 offered recommendations on these terminologies. (Wizemann Pardue 2001). They referred to sex as a classification, â€Å"generally as male or female, according to the reproductive organs and functions that derive from the chromosomal complement†. (Wizemann Pardue 2001, p.5).They also suggest that gender shouldRead MoreA Sociological Perspective On The Human Mind Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindependent. Many theories, such as Darwin’s evolutionary perspective and Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective, propose that the aggression present in men is contingent on the adaptive values of behavior and childhood psychological history, respectively. Reproductive strategies as well as child development can have a major impact on the emotionality of men, which can be seen through their aggressive behavior. The manifestation of masculinity is seen in crime and cruelty, which are closely linked to one anotherRead MoreThe Prevalence Of The Human Papilloma Virus ( Hpv )1576 Words   |  7 Pagesof Jamaica. 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Both attachment and imprinting ensure that a young animal stays close to a caregiver who will feed and protect the young animal.Read MoreThe Political Sphere Of Politics Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesWomen in leadership roles can be seen from multiple perspectives. Therefore, women in the political sphere of politics influence an increasingly controversial debate: are women qualified to take on the responsibility of large-scale leadership? This is a question that we, Canadians, ask ourselves as we are connected to multiple viewpoints through social media. It seems that society either loves or hates women as political figures. The way women in provincial politics are perceived is of incredibleRead MoreWomen s Health Care Of Women And Their Contributing Factors1680 Words   |  7 Pagesa result, noncommunicable diseases are primarily cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases (Azenha et al., 2013). Consequently, these noncommunicable diseases tend to cause premature death and/or disability among multiple women despite socioeconomic strata globally (Azenha et al., 2013). In addition, the noncommunicable diseases are interrelated with a variety of maternal conditions in many complex ways (Azenha et al., 2013). After all, if a woman is healthy beforeRead MoreSocial Awareness : Understanding The Emotions Of Other People ( What Others Are Thinking And Feeling )1258 Words   |  6 PagesSocio-Cultural-- women should get the education and contribute in making the changes in socio-cultural norms Household--Women’s freedom of movement; lack of discrimination against daughters; commitment to educating daughters. Community--Women’s visibility in and access to social spaces; access to modern transportation; participation in extra-familial groups and social networks; shift in patriarchal norms (such as son preference); representation of the female in myth and ritual. Broader Arena--Women’sRead More Improving the Effectiveness of Sex Education in Schools Essay980 Words   |  4 Pageswestern industrialized country. Teenagers have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of any age group, with one in four young people contracting an STD by the age of 21. STDs, including HIV, can damage teenagers health and reproductive ability. And there is still no cure for AIDS. HIV infection is increasing most rapidly among young people. One in four new infections in the US occurs in people younger than 22. In 1994, 417 new AIDS cases were diagnosed among 13-19 year oldsRead MoreThe Ethical Proprietaries Of Crispr-Cas. L. Dedroog. Bachelor1551 Words   |  7 Pagesbe asked what the ethical concerns might be of being able to have a surpassing impact on the human body [3]. This question will here be addressed by focusing on a particular technique, namely Cluster regulated Short Palindromic Repeats associated system (CRISPR-Cas). Once CRISPR-Cas is completely developed it can change modern medicine completely [4]. 2. Brief overview of CRISPR-Cas In 1987 it was discovered that certain strains of bacteria where naturally immune to specific phages. By further researchRead MoreIssues in Patriarchal Societies1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are many organizations working to put an end to these issues. One of them is the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, which works to end these issues by educating people and hosting programs to help women. America has a patriarchal society system, which means it is dominated by men, and everything in society caters to men. Because a patriarchal society is male dominated, women are often controlled and oppressed by men. This oppression is so commonplace that it is typically not noticed unless

Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation. Answer: Introduction: After analyzing the business processes it has been found that, for the adaptation of beneficial office automation system SoftArc engineering company is dependent upon both cloud computing technology and big data analytical tools (Abolfazli et al., 2014). The overall capability to access office automation system in terms of email, word processing and spreadsheet ability, this technology is found to be very much helpful. However, if the technologies are not used appropriately then the overall system will lead to major failure. This report elaborates both the issues and benefits of business intelligence and cloud computing technology. Elasticity: The cloud vendor provides high range of storage location and also innumerous amount of demand based resources to its users. Even for the future resource requirements also the users need not to spend much time (Furuncu Sogukpinar, 2015). Depending on the requirement the users can scale up or scale down the resources. Moreover, the consumers can also redeploy the overall expenditure form the capital and for commercial benefits these technology can also be used. Accessibility: From the storage the users can efficiently access data regardless of their location and time also. Even, with the help of the multiple interfaces the user can effectively access the virtual data server. Due to this reason the workstation of the employees can also varies. Cost efficiency: The consumers have the ability to share different computing resources. The cost efficiency of the consumers can be easily forwarded, based on the demand of the consumers. Application resilience, disaster recovery and backup: The cloud data server has three different kinds of features such as application resilience, backup storage and disaster recovery. If any information from the server gets lost then that can be easily retrieved and recovered as well (Abolfazli et al., 2014). With the help of this technology the overall effectiveness of the system also get increased. Issues with bandwidth: In order to perform effectively the clients of the system are required to develop system planning properly (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). Bandwidth oriented issues will rise if small data centre are used for storing information. Control issues: For the in-house staffs the service cannot be handled properly. Issues with change management: If the cloud platform gets changed suddenly then, the staffs will not be able to handle the technology appropriately. Business Intelligence oriented issues and benefits Benefits: In order to take effective business strategic decisions business intelligence tools are very much helpful. Not only this but also the knowledge could be converted into information after the usage of the business intelligence. Nowadays the most widely used BI tool is Hadoop (Jamshidi, Ahmad Pahl, 2014). Challenges: If the data amount overflows the server capability then the process of data integrity will be hampered. In addition to this if the employees lack proper BI based experiences then they will not be able to handle the system properly. Lack of security is another issue that might destroy the complete system management. After analyzing both of the technical advances from the business aspect it has been found that for SoftArc Engineering the best possible solution is to use cloud computing technology. Cloud technology will help to increase the business revenue of softArc Engineering (Bacon et al., 2014). After adapting this technology the users will be able to access data from the office automation system. Factors locally hosted infrastructures Infrastructure provided using an IaaS provider Security It serve high range security to the users The shared data are not enough secured Cost The cost is lesser than other applications This infrastructure is too costly Data accessibility Limited data could be accessed (Almorsy, Grundy Mller, 2016) No limitation Issue mitigation strategies considered by SoftArc Engineering Vendor lock-in: Dependency on the cloud service provider is the vendor lock in system. The main challenge occurs if after implementation the owner feels to change to platform. Security: Security is referred to as one of the major concerns for the cloud computing technology (Hashem et al., 2015). For mitigating this issue the users are required to select appropriate cloud vendors with accurate authentication approach. Vulnerability: Prominent risk will rise if the users need to change the platform suddenly. Due to the system dependency the rate of malicious attack will also raise and even for this reason confidential data might also get hijacked by the external attackers (Jamshidi, Ahmad Pahl, 2014). IaaS PaaS SaaS Multiple numb of users are able to share the single hardware system The system is build upon top level virtualization technology (Kar Rakshit, 2015). In the remote server this particular software can be hosted. It provides measurable control over the system and it has high level flexibility and reliability. It is capable to serve different range of service to the users for facilitate various development programs, testing and software application as well. The application of SaaS can be managed from the centralized location. Due to the dynamic scaling ability the cost of the infrastructure also varies (Wu et al., 2015. Integrated web and data services could be served by this particular cloud provider. With the help of Application Programming Interfaces (API) even third party can be integrated. Appropriate cloud model selection for SoftArc Engineering After analyzing the features of different cloud computing model it has been found that, one of the most suitable model for SoftArc Engineering is IaaS. This platform is capable to establish connection between different users who are belonging from discriminated platforms. This model is appropriate for the business organization due to its measurable control over the performing applications (Kehoe et al., 2013). Apart from SoftArc Engineering this model is also suitable for the startup businesses. The volatile demand of the consumers can also be served efficiently by adapting this model as the organization is willing to move to SharePoint 2013. Security: During the phase of platform migration the main issue that has been encountered is the security. On demand infrastructure capability: With the enhancing usage of mobile devices that is merged with on demand virtual infrastructure, major challenges with cloud model can be generated (Sundaresan et al., 2016). System dependency: The IaaS cloud model is one of the most dependent models and whenever different programs ran over a single platform, ongoing concern is required to be provided. Recommendations to SoftArc Engineering to deal with the identified issues In order to deal with the identified issues, different issue mitigation strategies are required to be adapted by the system developers. Incorporation of security: In order to mitigate the identified challenges proper security measures are required to be adapted by the system developers to maintain the server security. Authentication: This is another system approach that is needed to be considered to make a system authorized. With the authentication approach only the authorized users will be able to access data from the server. From the data management system only the users will be able to maintain the standard privacy policy. Technology based development: The storage system of SoftArc Engineering is needed to be technically developed to deliver high level security to the users and employees as well. References Abolfazli, S., Sanaei, Z., Ahmed, E., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). Cloud-based augmentation for mobile devices: motivation, taxonomies, and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 337-368. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Bacon, J., Eyers, D., Pasquier, T. F. M., Singh, J., Papagiannis, I., Pietzuch, P. (2014). Information flow control for secure cloud computing.IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management,11(1), 76-89. Furuncu, E., Sogukpinar, I. (2015). Scalable risk assessment method for cloud computing using game theory (CCRAM).Computer Standards Interfaces,38, 44-50. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Jamshidi, P., Ahmad, A. Pahl, C., (2014), June. Autonomic resource provisioning for cloud-based software. InProceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems(pp. 95-104). ACM. Kar, A.K. Rakshit, A., (2015). Flexible pricing models for cloud computing based on group decision making under consensus.Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management,16(2), pp.191-204. Kehoe, B., Matsukawa, A., Candido, S., Kuffner, J., Goldberg, K. (2013, May). Cloud-based robot grasping with the google object recognition engine. InRobotics and Automation (ICRA), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 4263-4270). IEEE. Sundaresan, K., Arslan, M.Y., Singh, S., Rangarajan, S. Krishnamurthy, S.V., (2016). FluidNet: a flexible cloud-based radio access network for small cells.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,24(2), pp.915-928. Wu, D., Rosen, D. W., Wang, L., Schaefer, D. (2015). Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation.Computer-Aided Design,59, 1-14.

Music Sensorship Essays - Grammy Award For Best Rap Album

Music Sensorship If hes to be taken literally, then so is Britney Spears invitation to hit me baby one more time, says one article in Advocate Magazine. They are speaking in reference to the rapper Eminem one they heavily talked-about topic of music censorship. What is music censorship? There is a great deal of confusion (one everybodys part) as to what freedom of expression is in the US, and how it applies to music. Everybody knows that there are radio stations, religious and community groups, retailers, and record labels that censor musical artists in some way today. Obviously not everyone wants to hear what certain artists want to say, but how far should censors go? How far can they go before taking away right of free speech, freedom of expression, or any other first amendment rights? Lets figure out. The first amendment states: Congress shall make no law representing an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and petition the government for a redress of grievances. Notice that the law applies only to the government, its laws, or its agencies. Not to any religious groups, retailers, or record companies. Hard to believe, but only in rare cases is what we call music censorship actually a violation of civil rights. For any group besides the government to censor music is entirely legal. In other words THEY determine what is best for YOU based on what THEY think. Pretty scary to think about especially here in America. Isnt it supposed to be the land of the free? What do you think about this? Not sure what to think? I took a survey of your peers ages 15-18, male and female, asking them this question: Do you think rap and/or alternative music negatively affects teens? One out of twenty-five people said yes. Now I can guess what parents would say to this survey. They would say that we are too young to know better, but there are adults out there that agree with us. An organization called R.O.C. (Rock Out Censorship) has been aggressively opposing censors of popular music since 1989. It was founded to act as a voice of music fans against censors. Guess where they are based in? Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. Right here in our very area there are people fighting against music censorship. The overall attitude of R.O.C. is summed up in these words that Ben Franklin said in 1759, They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. Do you agree? They do and so do I. To hear about music censorship today, all you have to do is turn on MTV or your local news. You will hear stories of people such as Eminem everyday. Basketball star Allen Iverson has faced suspensions from the NBA for his recently released album. Members of Supreme NTM, one of the most popular rap groups in France, are facing jail time for their lyrics. One of their tracks Police was charged with the crime of an outrage against public authorities. Their case is yet to be determined. Thankfully here in America nothing like that can happen, but for how long will it stay that way? Do you think what is happening to NTM is right? Do you a musical artist should be able to go to jail for their music? Like I mentioned before nothing like that can happen here in America, but Ill tell you what can happen: Lets say youre a rapper looking to make it big. You have some talent, and you record a few tracks. You submit your tape to several record companies, but many turn you down because of content. They say you have talent, but you are too vulgar for their style. You finally get a record deal and record an album. When you look to release that album you turn to the biggest retailer of popular music in the US, Wal-Mart. Unfortunately they tell you that they wont stoke your album because it holds a parental advisory sticker. So then some other retailers pick up your album and you get lucky, people

South Africas Black Consciousness Movement

South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was an influential student movement in the 1970s in Apartheid South Africa. The Black Consciousness Movement promoted a new identity and politics of racial solidarity  and became the voice and spirit of the anti-apartheid movement at a time when both the African National Congress and the Pan-Africanist Congress had been banned in the wake of the Sharpeville Massacre. The BCM reached its zenith in the Soweto Student Uprising of 1976  but declined quickly afterward. Rise of the Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement began in 1969 when African students walked out of the National Union of South African Students, which was multiracial but white-dominated, and founded the South African Students Organization (SASO). The SASO was an explicitly non-white organization open to students classified as African, Indian, or Coloured under Apartheid Law. It was to unify non-white students and provide a voice for their grievances, but the SASO spearheaded a movement that reached far beyond students. Three years later, in 1972, the leaders of this Black Consciousness Movement formed the Black People’s Convention (BPC) to reach out to and galvanize adults and non-students. Aims and Forerunners of the BCM Loosely speaking, the BCM aimed to unify and uplift non-white populations, but this meant excluding a previous ally, liberal anti-apartheid whites. As Steve Biko, the most prominent Black Consciousness leader, explained, when militant nationalists said that white people did not belong in South Africa, they meant that â€Å"we wanted to remove [the white man] from our table, strip the table of all trappings put on it by him, decorate it in true African style, settle down and then ask him to join us on our own terms if he liked.† The elements of Black pride and celebration of black culture linked the Black Consciousness Movement back to the writings of W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as the ideas of pan-Africanism and La Negritude movement. It also arose at the same time as the Black Power movement in the United States, and these movements inspired each other; Black Consciousness was both militant and avowedly non-violent. The Black Consciousness movement was also inspired by the success of the FRELIMO in Mozambique.   Soweto and the Afterlives of the BCM The exact connections between the Black Consciousness Movement and the Soweto Student Uprising are debated, but for the Apartheid government, the connections were clear enough. In the aftermath of Soweto, the Black People’s Convention and several other Black Consciousness movements were banned and their leadership arrested, many after being beaten and tortured, including Steve Biko who died in police custody. The BPC was partially resurrected in the Azania People’s Organization, which is still active in South African politics. Sources Steve, Biko, I Write What I like: Steve Biko. A Selection of his Writings, ed. by Aelred Stubbs, African Writers Series. (Cambridge: Proquest, 2005), 69.Desai, Ashwin, â€Å"Indian South Africans and the Black Consciousness Movement under Apartheid.† Diaspora Studies 8.1 (2015): 37-50.  Hirschmann, David. â€Å"The Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.†Ã‚  The Journal of Modern African Studies. 28.1 (Mar., 1990): 1-22.

1the Humiliation of Elizabeth Bennet

Fraiman claims that Elizabeth is a surrogate-son to her father trapped inside her female body during an age when gender roles were rigorously fixed. Judith Butler in her essay of 1990 called â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory, â€Å"states that performing one’s gender wrong initiates a set of punishments both obvious and indirect. Through the contribution of Butler’s theory, this essay aims to demonstrate that it is not only, as Fraiman claims, Elizabeth Bennet who is punished by society for performing her gender wrong, but also Mr. Darcy. In respect to convention, Mister Darcy performs his gender wrong as well as he goes by a feminine name and is often passive, â€Å"unsocial† and â€Å"taciturn† as Elizabeth puts it. He admits: â€Å"I certainly have not the talent which some people possess of conversing easily with those I have never seen before† He admits to Elizabeth at the very that he was embarrassed when she asks him why he was â€Å"so shy of [her]†. It must be considered then that Darcy does not want to â€Å"humiliate? Elizabeth with his â€Å"extensive power† of a â€Å"paternalistic noble† but is rather humiliated by it himself. after all he has many â€Å"feminine† characteristics: He waits to be approached; he prefers listening to talking; e is receptive rather than aggressive; he is anxious about his reputation and judges people according to their manners; he is the person his friends come to for advice, and he writes letters instead of personally confronting people. To perform one’s gender right, as Judith Butler asserts in â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution,† means to perform one’s gender in accordance with hist orical and cultural sanctions that change over time. Butler’s essay deconstructs society’s belief that gender is a fixed natural given. She questions if and how we exist before societal ideology’s imposition by observing gender in a phenomenological way and finds that gender is always performed, but the performance varies according to time period. What does not vary, however, is society’s punishment of people who don’t perform their gender according to the current convention. Elizabeth Bennet has aligned herself with her father and his male, independent perspective. Mr. Bennet bequeaths [to Elizabeth] his ironic distance from the world, the habit of studying and appraising those around him, the role of social critic. Therefore Lizzie is less a daughter than a surrogate son, who by giving up the mother and giving in to the father, reaps the spoils of maleness. In regards to society, however, Lizzie’s male independence is dangerous. She does not behave like a gentlewoman of her time who was expected to draw and do needlework indoors while waiting for a suitor to whisk her off to the altar. Ex. *The haughty Bingley sisters immediately declare her behavior unsuitable: â€Å"To walk three miles, or four miles, or five miles, or whatever it is, above her ankles in dirt, and alone, quite alone! What could she mean by it? It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a most country-town indifference to decorum† (Austen 25). *When Mr. Collins proposes to Lizzie, she doesn’t employ â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females, but declines his offer as a â€Å"rational creature speaking the truth from her heart† (Austen 75). While Lizzie’s decision to refuse the buffoonish Mr. Collins is justified, it is nonetheless precarious in her situation. If she and her sister Jane hadn’t married Darcy and Bingley respectively, which can be regarded as the exceptions to the rule, they would have lost their parents? ntailed house to Mr. Collins. Lizzie, within Regency England society, is performing her gender „wrong? by not accepting a promising proposal. Instead, she displays typically male behavior: â€Å"You mean to frighten me, Mr. Darcy, by coming in all this state to hear me? But I will not be alarmed though your sister does play so well. There i s a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises with every attempt to intimidate me† (Austen 115). Obstinacy and audacity are not socially scripted feminine qualities. Lizzie turns down Mr. Darcy’s proposal in an equally confident manner: â€Å"Every time Darcy opens his mouth, he is superseded by a speech of greater length and vehemence;† â€Å"Her language, her feelings, her judgments overwhelm his† (Fraiman 361). Elizabeth here not only matches Darcy in intellect, she tops him. Many of her characteristics would be highly-regarded in a man, but not in a woman. While letter-communication was common practice in Regency England for both women and men alike, the letter Mr. Darcy writes to Elizabeth is not a regular correspondence letter, but a letter that deals with his strong emotions in a very feminine fashion. In his need to justify himself for Elizabeth’s accusations, he bares his soul in such a forthcoming, dignified, and eloquent manner as only a woman’s love letter would be expected to accomplish. His letter is so well-composed that he likely dedicated hours of drafts to it. Austen emphasizes the uniqueness of Darcy’s letter by putting male letter-writing into perspective. Charles Bindley’s letters are described as chaotic, correspondence-related and short: â€Å"Charles writes in the most careless way imaginable. He leaves out half his words, and blots the rest,† claims his sister Caroline (Austen 33). Meanwhile, she employs feminine terms to depict Mr. Darcy’s writing: â€Å"do you always write such charming long letters† (Austen 32-3). The boyish Elizabeth, in contrast, writes two letters in Pride and Prejudice: both are addressed to Mrs. Gardiner and are simple correspondence letters. Mr. Darcy’s letter therefore is less of a hostile takeover of authorial power, as Fraiman calls it (â€Å"her authorial powers wane†), but rather his only means of expressing himself to Elizabeth (Fraiman 377). He is not a â€Å"controlling literary figure† (Fraiman 383) that replaces Elizabeth’s father, but someone who takes a great risk by revealing sensitive personal details which could be used to destroy him socially to a woman who has just refused him as a husband. In a very feminine way, Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth power over his family’s reputation and himself. Darcy’s behavior so far has, as Butler puts it, â€Å"initiate[d] a set of punishments both obvious and indirect† (Butler 279). Elizabeth especially, as a member of her society, misreads him repeatedly and therefore indirectly disempowers him because he cannot make himself heard by her. Mr. Darcy’s passive feminine side is generally misread by society as pride, which shows that to perform one’s gender „wrong? results in punishment. Darcy doesn’t court Elizabeth in the way she and society expect; therefore he, just as much as Lizzie, suffers â€Å"a loss of clout† (Fraiman 377). The gender-performance that is expected of Elizabeth and Darcy by society runs anathema to their original one and they realize toward the end of the novel that they have to succumb to society’s gender-script if they want to be together. As Susan Fraiman argues, Elizabeth, as a woman, has to relinquish some of her power: â€Å"Elizabeth marries a decent man and a large estate, but at a certain cost;† â€Å"Darcy disempowers Elizabeth if only because of the positions they each occupy in the social schema: because he is a man and she is a wife† (Fraiman 384). The cost is her compromise, but Darcy has to make it as well; the cost might even be a gain if Darcy respects Elizabeth as a wife, and there is no evidence in the novel that he won? t. Conclusion: Fraiman’s blame of Mr. Darcy disempowering Elizabeth is misdirected in that she reads him solely as a man, not as a person who has as much trouble performing his gender right as does Lizzie. Darcy has to give up passive observing and letter-writing in favor of action, such as saving the damsel in distress Lydia. Fraiman’s critique of Elizabeth marrying Darcy also does not invoke singleness as a liberating alternative, in which case Lizzie would lose even more power. The novel rather reveals the limits of everyone’s personal autonomy in a society where gender roles are fixed. Mr. Darcy never sought to take Elizabeth’s power or independence away-quite the opposite- they caused his falling in love with her. If Elizabeth is disempowered after her marriage, the blame must be directed at Regency society, not Mr. Darcy; marriage itself is always a compromise, after all. Mr. Darcy, just as much as Elizabeth, sacrifices a great deal of his original individuality by aligning his gender-performance with Regency society’s convention. But, as Lizzie says: â€Å"We do not suffer by accident. † 1the Humiliation of Elizabeth Bennet Fraiman claims that Elizabeth is a surrogate-son to her father trapped inside her female body during an age when gender roles were rigorously fixed. Judith Butler in her essay of 1990 called â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory, â€Å"states that performing one’s gender wrong initiates a set of punishments both obvious and indirect. Through the contribution of Butler’s theory, this essay aims to demonstrate that it is not only, as Fraiman claims, Elizabeth Bennet who is punished by society for performing her gender wrong, but also Mr. Darcy. In respect to convention, Mister Darcy performs his gender wrong as well as he goes by a feminine name and is often passive, â€Å"unsocial† and â€Å"taciturn† as Elizabeth puts it. He admits: â€Å"I certainly have not the talent which some people possess of conversing easily with those I have never seen before† He admits to Elizabeth at the very that he was embarrassed when she asks him why he was â€Å"so shy of [her]†. It must be considered then that Darcy does not want to â€Å"humiliate? Elizabeth with his â€Å"extensive power† of a â€Å"paternalistic noble† but is rather humiliated by it himself. after all he has many â€Å"feminine† characteristics: He waits to be approached; he prefers listening to talking; e is receptive rather than aggressive; he is anxious about his reputation and judges people according to their manners; he is the person his friends come to for advice, and he writes letters instead of personally confronting people. To perform one’s gender right, as Judith Butler asserts in â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution,† means to perform one’s gender in accordance with hist orical and cultural sanctions that change over time. Butler’s essay deconstructs society’s belief that gender is a fixed natural given. She questions if and how we exist before societal ideology’s imposition by observing gender in a phenomenological way and finds that gender is always performed, but the performance varies according to time period. What does not vary, however, is society’s punishment of people who don’t perform their gender according to the current convention. Elizabeth Bennet has aligned herself with her father and his male, independent perspective. Mr. Bennet bequeaths [to Elizabeth] his ironic distance from the world, the habit of studying and appraising those around him, the role of social critic. Therefore Lizzie is less a daughter than a surrogate son, who by giving up the mother and giving in to the father, reaps the spoils of maleness. In regards to society, however, Lizzie’s male independence is dangerous. She does not behave like a gentlewoman of her time who was expected to draw and do needlework indoors while waiting for a suitor to whisk her off to the altar. Ex. *The haughty Bingley sisters immediately declare her behavior unsuitable: â€Å"To walk three miles, or four miles, or five miles, or whatever it is, above her ankles in dirt, and alone, quite alone! What could she mean by it? It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a most country-town indifference to decorum† (Austen 25). *When Mr. Collins proposes to Lizzie, she doesn’t employ â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females, but declines his offer as a â€Å"rational creature speaking the truth from her heart† (Austen 75). While Lizzie’s decision to refuse the buffoonish Mr. Collins is justified, it is nonetheless precarious in her situation. If she and her sister Jane hadn’t married Darcy and Bingley respectively, which can be regarded as the exceptions to the rule, they would have lost their parents? ntailed house to Mr. Collins. Lizzie, within Regency England society, is performing her gender „wrong? by not accepting a promising proposal. Instead, she displays typically male behavior: â€Å"You mean to frighten me, Mr. Darcy, by coming in all this state to hear me? But I will not be alarmed though your sister does play so well. There i s a stubbornness about me that never can bear to be frightened at the will of others. My courage always rises with every attempt to intimidate me† (Austen 115). Obstinacy and audacity are not socially scripted feminine qualities. Lizzie turns down Mr. Darcy’s proposal in an equally confident manner: â€Å"Every time Darcy opens his mouth, he is superseded by a speech of greater length and vehemence;† â€Å"Her language, her feelings, her judgments overwhelm his† (Fraiman 361). Elizabeth here not only matches Darcy in intellect, she tops him. Many of her characteristics would be highly-regarded in a man, but not in a woman. While letter-communication was common practice in Regency England for both women and men alike, the letter Mr. Darcy writes to Elizabeth is not a regular correspondence letter, but a letter that deals with his strong emotions in a very feminine fashion. In his need to justify himself for Elizabeth’s accusations, he bares his soul in such a forthcoming, dignified, and eloquent manner as only a woman’s love letter would be expected to accomplish. His letter is so well-composed that he likely dedicated hours of drafts to it. Austen emphasizes the uniqueness of Darcy’s letter by putting male letter-writing into perspective. Charles Bindley’s letters are described as chaotic, correspondence-related and short: â€Å"Charles writes in the most careless way imaginable. He leaves out half his words, and blots the rest,† claims his sister Caroline (Austen 33). Meanwhile, she employs feminine terms to depict Mr. Darcy’s writing: â€Å"do you always write such charming long letters† (Austen 32-3). The boyish Elizabeth, in contrast, writes two letters in Pride and Prejudice: both are addressed to Mrs. Gardiner and are simple correspondence letters. Mr. Darcy’s letter therefore is less of a hostile takeover of authorial power, as Fraiman calls it (â€Å"her authorial powers wane†), but rather his only means of expressing himself to Elizabeth (Fraiman 377). He is not a â€Å"controlling literary figure† (Fraiman 383) that replaces Elizabeth’s father, but someone who takes a great risk by revealing sensitive personal details which could be used to destroy him socially to a woman who has just refused him as a husband. In a very feminine way, Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth power over his family’s reputation and himself. Darcy’s behavior so far has, as Butler puts it, â€Å"initiate[d] a set of punishments both obvious and indirect† (Butler 279). Elizabeth especially, as a member of her society, misreads him repeatedly and therefore indirectly disempowers him because he cannot make himself heard by her. Mr. Darcy’s passive feminine side is generally misread by society as pride, which shows that to perform one’s gender „wrong? results in punishment. Darcy doesn’t court Elizabeth in the way she and society expect; therefore he, just as much as Lizzie, suffers â€Å"a loss of clout† (Fraiman 377). The gender-performance that is expected of Elizabeth and Darcy by society runs anathema to their original one and they realize toward the end of the novel that they have to succumb to society’s gender-script if they want to be together. As Susan Fraiman argues, Elizabeth, as a woman, has to relinquish some of her power: â€Å"Elizabeth marries a decent man and a large estate, but at a certain cost;† â€Å"Darcy disempowers Elizabeth if only because of the positions they each occupy in the social schema: because he is a man and she is a wife† (Fraiman 384). The cost is her compromise, but Darcy has to make it as well; the cost might even be a gain if Darcy respects Elizabeth as a wife, and there is no evidence in the novel that he won? t. Conclusion: Fraiman’s blame of Mr. Darcy disempowering Elizabeth is misdirected in that she reads him solely as a man, not as a person who has as much trouble performing his gender right as does Lizzie. Darcy has to give up passive observing and letter-writing in favor of action, such as saving the damsel in distress Lydia. Fraiman’s critique of Elizabeth marrying Darcy also does not invoke singleness as a liberating alternative, in which case Lizzie would lose even more power. The novel rather reveals the limits of everyone’s personal autonomy in a society where gender roles are fixed. Mr. Darcy never sought to take Elizabeth’s power or independence away-quite the opposite- they caused his falling in love with her. If Elizabeth is disempowered after her marriage, the blame must be directed at Regency society, not Mr. Darcy; marriage itself is always a compromise, after all. Mr. Darcy, just as much as Elizabeth, sacrifices a great deal of his original individuality by aligning his gender-performance with Regency society’s convention. But, as Lizzie says: â€Å"We do not suffer by accident. †